Limits (Q’s & Ans) || V.S.A.Q’S||

By [email protected] Reddy / February 28, 2021 / Education

Limits (Q’s & Ans) || V.S.A.Q’S|| designed by the ‘Basics in Maths‘ team. These notes to do help the intermediate First-year Maths students.

Inter Maths – 1B two marks questions and solutions are very useful in IPE examinations.

Limits V.S.A.Q’S

Limits

Question 1

Find

Sol:

= 9

Question 2

Compute

Sol:

= a + a = 2a

Question 3

compute

Sol:

Question 4

Show that = 1and = –1

Sol:

we know that if x > 0

= –x if x < 0

As x → 0+ ⟹ x > 0

⟹ = x

= 1

As x → 0+ ⟹ x < 0

⟹ = –x

= –1

Question 5

If f (x) = , then find and . Does exist?

Sol:

1/5

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5

Hyperbolic Functions V.S.A.Q.’S || 2 Marks

By [email protected] Reddy / February 27, 2021 / Education

Hyperbolic Functions V.S.A.Q.’Sdesigned by the ‘Basics in Maths‘ team. These notes to do help the intermediate First-year Maths students.

Inter Maths – 1A Hyperbolic Functionstwo marks questions and solutions are very useful in IPE examinations.

Hyperbolic Functions

Question 1

Prove that for any x∈ R, sinh (3x) = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh³ x

Sol:

sinh (3x) = sinh (2x + x)

= sinh 2x cosh x + cosh 2x sinh x

= (2 sinh x cosh x) cosh x + (1 + 2 sinh² x) sinh x

= 2sinh x cosh² x + sinh x + 2 sinh³ x

= 2 sinh x (1 + sinh² x) + sinh x + 2 sinh³ x

= 2 sinh x + 2 sinh³ x+ sinh x + 2 sinh³ x

= 3 sinh x + 4 sinh³ x

Question 2

If cosh x = , find the values of (i) cosh 2x and (ii) sinh 2x

Sol:

Given cosh x =

Cosh 2x = 2 cosh² x – 1

= 2. – 1

Sinh² 2x = cosh² 2x – 1

= – 1

Sinh² 2x =

Question 3

If cosh x = sec θ then prove that tanh²= tan²

Sol:

tanh² =

= tan²

Question 4

If sinh x = 5, then show that x =

Sol:

Given, sinh x = 5

⟹ x = sinh^-15

We know that sinh^-1x =

⟹ x =

x =

Question 5

Show that tanh^-1 = log3

Sol:

Given tanh^-1

We know that tanh^-1 x =

tanh^-1 =

= log3

Question 6

For x, y ∈ R prove that sinh (x + y) = sinh (x) cosh (y) + cosh (x) sinh (y)

Sol:

R.H.S = sinh (x) cosh (y) + cosh (x) sinh (y)

= sinh (x + y)

Question 7

For any x∈ R, prove that cosh⁴ x – sinh⁴ x = cosh 2x

Sol:

cosh⁴ x – sinh⁴ x = (cosh² x)² – (sinh² x)²

= (cosh² x + sinh² x) (cosh² x – sinh² x)

= 1. cosh 2x

= cosh 2x

Question 8

Prove that = cosh x + sinh x

Sol:

= cosh x + sinh x

Question 9

If sin hx = ¾ find cosh 2x and sinh 2x.

Sol:

Given sin hx = ¾

We know that cosh² x = 1 + sinh² x

= 1 + (3/4)²

= 1 + 9/16

= 25/16

cos hx = 5/4

cosh 2x = 2cosh² x – 1

= 2(25/16) – 1

= 25/8 – 1

= 17/8

Sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x

= 2 (3/4) (5/4)

= 15/8

Question 10

Prove that (cosh x – sinh x)ⁿ = cosh nx – sinh nx

Sol:

∴ (cosh x – sinh x)ⁿ = cosh nx – sinh nx

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Trigonometric Ratios(Qns.& Ans) V.S.A.Q.’S

By [email protected] Reddy / February 23, 2021 / Education

Trigonometric Ratios(Qns.& Ans) V.S.A.Q.’S designed by the ‘Basics in Maths‘ team.These notes to do help intermediate First-year Maths students.

Inter Maths – 1A two marks questions and solutions are very useful in I.P.E examinations.

Trigonometric Ratios Up to Transformations

Question 1

Find the value of sin²(π/10) + sin²(4π/10) + sin²(6π/10) + sin²(9π/10)

Sol:

sin²(π/10) + sin²(4π/10) + sin²(6π/10) + sin²(9π/10)

= sin²(π/10) + sin²(π/2 – π/10) + sin²(π/2+ π/10) + sin²(π – π/10)

= sin²(π/10) + cos²(π/10) + cos²(π/10) + sin²(π/10)

= 1 + 1 = 2

Question 2

If sin θ = 4/5 and θ not in the first quadrant, find the value of cos θ

Sol:

Given sin θ = 4/5 and θ not in the first quadrant

⇒ θ in the second quadrant

⇒ cos θ < 0

cos²θ = 1 – sin² θ

=1 – (4/5)²

= 1 – 16/25

∴cos θ = – 3/5 (∵cos θ < 0)

Question 3

If 3sin θ + 4 cos θ = 5, then find the value of 4 sin θ – 3cos θ

Sol:

Given, 3sin θ + 4 cos θ = 5

let 4 sin θ – 3cos θ = x

(3sin θ + 4 cos θ )² + (4 sin θ – 3cos θ)² = 5² + x²

9 sin² θ + 16 cos² θ + 12 sin θ cos θ + 16 sin² θ + 9 cos² θ – 12sin θ cis θ = 25 + x²

25 sin² θ + 25 cos² θ = 25 + x²

25 = 25 + x²

⇒ x² = 0

x = 0

∴ 4 sin θ – 3cos θ = 0

Question 4

If sec θ + tan θ =, find the value of sin θ and determine the quadrant in which θ lies

Sol:

Given, sec θ + tan θ = ———— (1)

We know that sec² θ – tan² θ = 1

⇒ (sec θ + tan θ) (sec θ – tan θ) = 1

sec θ – tan θ =

⇒ sec θ – tan θ = ———— (2)

(1) + (2)

⇒ (sec θ + tan θ) + (sec θ – tan θ) =

2sec θ =

sec θ =

(1) – (2)

⇒ (sec θ + tan θ) – (sec θ – tan θ) =

2 tan θ = ⇒ tan θ =

Now sin θ = tan θ ÷ sec θ =

Sin θ =

Since sec θ positive and tan θ is negative θ lies in the 4^th quadrant.

Question 5

Prove that cot (π/16). cot (2π/16). cot (3π/16).… cot (7π/16) = 1

Sol:

cot (π/16). cot (2π/16). cot (3π/16).… cot (7π/16)

= cot (π/16). cot (2π/16). cot (3π/16). cot (4π/16). cot (5π/16) cot (6π/16) cot (7π/16)

= cot (π/16). cot (2π/16). cot (3π/16). cot (π/4). cot (π/2 – 3π/16) cot (π/2 – 2π/16) cot (π/2 – π/16)

= cot (π/16). cot (2π/16). cot (3π/16). cot (π/4). tan (3π/16) tan (2π/16) tan (π/16)

= [cot (π/16). tan (π/16)] [cot (2π/16). tan (2π/16)] [cot (3π/16). tan (3π/16]. cot (π/4)

= 1.1.1.1

Question 6

If cos θ + sin θ = cos θ, then prove that cos θ – sin θ = sin θ

Sol:

Given, cos θ + sin θ = cos θ

Sin θ = cos θ – cos θ

= ( – 1) cos θ

( + 1) sin θ = ( + 1) ( – 1) cos θ

sin θ + sin θ = cos θ

∴ cos θ – sin θ = sin θ

Question 7

Find the value of 2(sin⁶ θ + cos⁶ θ) – 3 (sin⁴ θ + cos⁴ θ)

Sol:

2(sin⁶ θ + cos⁶ θ) – 3 (sin⁴ θ + cos⁴ θ)

= 2[(sin² θ)³ + (cos² θ)³] – 3[(sin² θ)² + (cos²)²

= 2[(sin² θ + cos² θ)³ – 3 sin² θ cos² θ (sin² θ + cos² θ)] – 3[(sin² θ + cos² θ)² – 2 sin² θ cos² θ]

= 2[1 – 3 sin² θ cos² θ] – 3 [1 – 2 sin² θ cos² θ]

= 2 – 6 sin² θ cos² θ – 3 + 6 sin² θ cos² θ

= – 1

Question 8

If tan 20⁰ = λ, then show that

Sol:

Given tan 20⁰ = λ

Question 9

If sin α + cosec α = 2, find the value of sinⁿ α + cosecⁿ α, n∈ Z

Sol:

Given sin α + cosec α = 2

⇒ sin α + 1/ sin α = 2

⇒ = 2

sin² α + 1= 2 sin α

sin² α – 2 sin α + 1= 0

(sin α – 1 )² = 0

⇒ sin α – 1 = 0

sin α = 1 ⇒ cosec α = 1

sinⁿ α + cosecⁿ α = (1)ⁿ + (1)ⁿ =1 + 1 =2

∴ sinⁿ α + cosecⁿ α = 2

Question 10

Evaluate sin² + cos² – tan²

Sol:

Question 11

Find the value of sin 330⁰. cos 120⁰ + cos 210⁰. Sin 300⁰

Sol:

sin 330⁰. cos 120⁰ + cos 210⁰. Sin 300⁰

=sin (360⁰ – 30⁰). cos (180⁰ – 60⁰) + cos (180⁰ + 30⁰). sin (360⁰ – 60⁰)

= (– sin 30⁰). (– cos 60⁰) + (– cos30⁰). (– sin60⁰)

= sin 30⁰. cos 60⁰ + cos30⁰. Sin60⁰

= sin (60⁰ + 30⁰) = sin 90⁰

Question 12

Prove that cos⁴ α + 2 cos² α = (1 – sin⁴ α)

Sol:

cos⁴ α + 2 cos² α

= cos⁴ α + 2 cos² α (1 – cos² α)

= (cos² α)² + 2 (1 – sin² α) (sin² α)

= (1 – sin² α)² + 2 sin² α – 2sin⁴ α

= 1 + sin⁴ α – 2 sin² α + 2 sin² α – 2sin⁴ α

= 1 – sin⁴ α

Question 13

Eliminate θ from x = a cos³ θ and y = b sin³ θ

Sol:

Given x = a cos³ θ and y = b sin³ θ

cos³ θ = x/a and sin³ θ = y/b

cos θ = (x/a)^1/3 and sin θ = (y/b)^1/3

we know that sin² θ + cos² θ = 1

⇒ [(y/b)^1/3]² + [(x/a)^1/3]² = 1

(x/a)^2/3 + (y/b)^2/3 = 1

Question 14

Find the period of the following functions

Sol:

(i) f(x) = tan 5x

we know that period of tan kx =

⇒ period of tan 5x =

(ii) f(x) =

we know that period of =

period of =

(iii) f(x) = 2 sin + 2 cos

period of sin = = 8

period of cos = = 6

period of given function is = LCM (8, 6) = 24

(iv) f(x) = tan (x + 4x + 9x +…. + n²x)

f(x) = tan (x + 4x + 9x +…. + n²x)

= tan (1 + 4 + 9 + … + n²) x

= tanx

we know that period of tan kx =

Period of tan =

Question 15

Prove that sin²(52 ½)⁰ – sin² (22 ½)⁰ =

Sol:

We know that sin² A – sin²B = sin (A +B) sin (A – B)

⇒ sin²(52 ½)⁰ – sin² (22 ½)⁰

= sin (52 ½+ 22 ½) sin (52 ½ – 22 ½)

= sin 75⁰ sin 30⁰

∴ sin²(52 ½)⁰ – sin² (22 ½)⁰ =

Question 16

Prove that tan 70⁰ – tan20⁰ = 2 tan 50⁰

Sol:

50⁰ = 70⁰ – 20⁰

Tan 50⁰= tan (70⁰ – 20⁰)

We know that tan (A –B) =

⇒ Tan 50⁰ =

⇒ tan 70⁰ – tan 20⁰ = tan 50⁰ (1 + tan70⁰ tan 20⁰)

tan 70⁰ – tan 20⁰ = tan 50⁰ [1 + tan70⁰ cot (90⁰ – 20⁰)]

tan 70⁰ – tan 20⁰ = tan 50⁰ [1 + tan70⁰ cot 70⁰]

tan 70⁰ – tan 20⁰ = tan 50⁰ [1 + 1]

∴ tan 70⁰ – tan20⁰ = 2 tan 50⁰

Question 17

If sin α = , sin β = and α, β are acute, show that α + β =

Sol:

Given sin α = sin β =

tan α = 1/3 tan β = ½

tan (α + β) =

tan (α + β) = 1

∴ α + β =

Question 18

Find tan in terms of tan A

Sol:

tan =

Question 19

Prove that = cot 36⁰

Sol:

(on dividing numerator and denominator by cos 9⁰)

= tan (45⁰ + 9⁰)

= tan 54⁰

= tan (90⁰ – 36⁰)

= cot 36⁰

∴ = cot 36⁰

Question 20

Show that cos 42⁰ + cos 78⁰ + cos 162⁰ = 0

Sol:

cos 42⁰ + cos 78⁰ + cos 162⁰

= cos (60⁰ – 18⁰) + cos (60⁰ + 18⁰) + cos (180⁰ – 18⁰)

=cos 60⁰ cos18⁰ + sin 60⁰ sin 18⁰ + cos 60⁰ cos 18⁰ – sin 60⁰ sin 18⁰ – cos 18⁰

= 2 cos 60⁰ cos 18⁰ – cos 18⁰

= 2 (1/2) cos 18⁰ – cos 18⁰

= cos 18⁰ – cos 18⁰

= 0

Question 21

Express sin θ + cos θ as a single of an angle

Sol:

sin θ + cos θ = 2( sin θ + cos θ)

= 2(cos 30⁰ sin θ + sin 30⁰ cos θ)

= 2 sin (θ + 30⁰)

Question 22

Find the maximum and minimum value of the following functions

(i) 3 sin x –4 cos x

a= 3, b = –4 and c = 0

= 5

∴ minimum value = –5 and maximum value = 5

(ii) cos (x + ) + 2 sin (x + ) – 3

a= 1, b = 2 and c = – 3

∴ minimum value = –6 and maximum value = 0

Question 23

Find the range of the function f(x) = 7 cos x – 24sin x + 5

Sol:

Given f(x) = 7 cos x – 24sin x + 5

a= 7, b = –24 and c = 5

∴ Range = [–20, 30]

Question 24

Prove that sin²α + cos² (α + β) + 2 sin α sin β cos (α + β) is independent of α

Sol:

sin²α + cos² (α + β) + 2 sin α sin β cos (α + β)

= sin²α + cos (α + β) [ cos (α + β) +2 sin α sin β]

= sin²α + cos (α + β) [ cos α cos β – sin α sin β +2 sin α sin β]

=sin²α + cos (α + β) [ cos α cos β + sin α sin β]

=sin²α + cos (α + β) cos (α –β)

= sin² α + cos² α – sin² β

=1 – sin² β

= cos² β

Question 25

Simplify

Sol:

= tan θ

Question 26

For what values of x in the first quadrant is positive?

Sol:

> 0 ⟹ tan 2x > 0

⟹ 0 < 2x < π/2 (∵ x is in first quadrant)

⟹ 0 < x < π/4

Question 27

If cos θ = and π < θ < 3π/2, find the value of tan θ/2.

Sol:

cos θ =

π < θ < 3π/2 ⟹ π/2 < θ/2 < 3π/4

tan θ/2 < 0

tan θ/2 =

=– (tan θ/2 < 0)

=–

= – 2

Question 28

If A is not an integral multiple of π/2, prove that cot A – tan A = 2 cot 2A.

Sol:

cot A – tan A =

= 2 cot 2A

Question 29

Evaluate 6 sin 20⁰ – 8sin³ 20⁰

Sol:

6 sin 20⁰ – 8sin³ 20⁰ = 2 (3 sin 20⁰ – 4sin³ 20⁰)

= 2 sin 3(20⁰)

= 2 sin 60⁰

= 2

Question 30

Express cos⁶ A + sin⁶ A in terms of sin 2A.

Sol:

cos⁶ A + sin⁶ A

= (sin² A)³ + (cos² A)³

= (sin² A + cos² A)³ – 3 sin² A cos² A (sin² A + cos² A)

= 1 – 3 sin² A cos² A

=1 – ¾ (4 sin² A cos² A)

= 1 – ¾ sin²2 A

Question 31

If 0 < θ < π/8, show that = 2 cos (θ/2)

Sol:

=2 cos (θ/2)

Question 32

Find the extreme values of cos 2x + cos²x

Sol:

cos 2x + cos²x = 2cos² x– 1 + cos² x

=3cos² x – 1

We know that – 1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1

⟹ 0 ≤ cos² x ≤ 1

3×0 ≤ 3×cos² x ≤ 3×1

0– 1 ≤3 cos² x – 1≤ 3– 1

– 1≤3 cos² x – 1≤ 2

Minimum value = – 1

Maximum value = 2

Question 33

Prove that = 4

Sol:

= 4

Question 34

Prove that sin 78⁰ + cos 132⁰ =

Sol:

sin 78⁰ + cos 132⁰ = sin 78⁰ + cos (90⁰ + 42⁰)

= sin 78⁰ – sin 42⁰

= 2 cos sin

= 2 cos 60⁰ sin 18⁰

= 2

Question 35

Find the value of sin 34⁰ + cos 64⁰ – cos4⁰

Sol:

sin 34⁰ + cos 64⁰ – cos4⁰

= sin 34⁰ –2 sin sin

= sin 34⁰ – 2sin 34⁰ sin 30⁰

= sin 34⁰ – 2 sin 34⁰ (1/2)

=sin 34⁰ – sin 34⁰

Question 36

Prove that 4(cos 66⁰ + sin 84⁰) =

Sol:

4(cos 66⁰ + sin 84⁰)

=4(cos 66⁰ + sin (90⁰– 6⁰)

=4(cos 66⁰ + cos (6⁰)

= 4[ 2 cos cos ]

=4[ 2 cos cos ]

=8 cos 36⁰ cos 30⁰

= 8

Question 35

Prove that (tan θ + cot θ)² = sec² θ + cosec² θ = sec² θ. cosec² θ

Sol:

tan θ + cot θ =

= sec θ. cosec θ

(tan θ + cot θ)² = sec² θ. cosec² θ

sec² θ + cosec² θ =

= sec² θ. cosec² θ

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Product of Vectors (Qns.& Ans) V.S.A.Q.’S

By [email protected] Reddy / February 18, 2021 / Education

Product of Vectors (Qns.& Ans) V.S.A.Q.’S

Product of Vectors (Qns.& Ans) V.S.A.Q.’S; These solutions were designed by the ‘Basics in Maths‘ team. These notes to do help intermediate First-year Maths students.

Inter Maths – 1A two marks questions and solutions are very useful in IPE examinations.

Product Of Vectors

Question 1

If a = 6i +2 j +3 k, b = 2i – 9 j+ 6k, then find the angle between the vectors a and b

Sol:

Given vectors are a = 6i +2 j +3 k, b = 2i – 9 j+ 6k

If θ is the angle between the vectors a and b, then cos θ =

a .b = (6i +2 j +3 k). (2i – 9 j+ 6k) = 6(2) + 2 (– 9) + 3(6)

= 12 – 18 + 18 = 12

= 7

= 11

⟹ cos θ =

θ =

Question 2

If a = i +2 j –3 k, b = 3i – j+ 2k, then show that a + b and a – b are perpendicular to each other.

Sol:

Given vectors are a = i +2 j –3 k, b = 3i – j+ 2k

a + b = (i +2 j –3 k) + (3i – j+ 2k) = 4i + j – k

a – b = (i +2 j –3 k) – (3i – j+ 2k) = –2i +3 j – 5k

(a + b). (a – b) = (4i + j – k). (–2i +3 j – 5k)

= – 8 + 3 + 5

= 0

∴ a + b and a – b is perpendicular to each other.

Question 3

If a and b be non-zero, non-collinear vectors. If , then find the angle between a and b

Sol:

Given

Squaring on both sides

(a + b) (a + b) = (a – b) (a – b)

a² + 2 a. b + b² = a² – 2 a.b + b²

⟹ 4 a.b = 0

a.b = 0

∴ the angle between a and b is 90⁰

Question 4

If = 11, = 23 and = 30, then find the angle between the vectors a and b and also find

Sol:

Given = 11, = 23 and = 30

= 30

= 900

= 900

(11)² – 2 ×11×23 cos θ + (23)² = 900

121 – 506 cos θ + 529 = 900

650 – 506 cos θ = 900

cos θ = ⟹ θ =

= (11)² + 2 ×11×23 cos θ + (23)²

= 121 + 2 ×11×23 × + 529

= 400

= 20

Question 5

If a = i – j – k and b = 2i – 3j + k, then find the projection vector of b on a and its magnitude.

Sol:

Given vectors are a = i – j – k and b = 2i – 3j + k

a.b = (i – j – k). (2i – 3j + k) = 2 + 3 – 1 = 4

The projection vector of b on a =

= (i – j – k)

The magnitude of the projection vector = =

Question 6

If the vectors λ i – 3j + 5k and 2λ i – λ j – k are perpendicular to each other, then find λ

Sol:

let a = λ i – 3j + 5k, b = 2λ i – λ j – k

Given, that a and b are perpendicular to each other

⟹ a.b = 0

(λ i – 3j + 5k). (2λ i – λ j – k) = 0

2 λ² + 3 λ – 5 = 0

2 λ² + 5 λ – 2 λ – 5 = 0

λ (2 λ + 5) – 1 (2 λ + 5) = 0

(2 λ + 5) ((λ – 1) = 0

λ = 1 or λ = -5/2

Question 7

Find the Cartesian equation of the plane passing through the point (– 2, 1, 3) and perpendicular to the vector 3i + j + 5k

Sol:

let P (x, y, z) be any point on the plane

⟹ OP = xi + yj + zk

OA = – 2i +j +3k

AP = OP – OA = (xi + yj + zk) – (– 2i +j +3k)

AP = (x + 2) i + (y – 1) j + (z – 3) k

AP is perpendicular to the vector 3i + j + 5k

⟹ 3 (x + 2) + (y – 1) + 5(z – 3) = 0

⟹ 3x + 6 + y – 1 + 5z – 15 = 0

∴ 3x + y + 5z – 10 = 0 is the required Cartesian equation of the plane

Question 8

Find the angle between the planes 2x – 3y – 6z = 5 and 6x + 2y – 9z = 4

Sol:

Given plane equations are: 2x – 3y – 6z = 5,6x + 2y – 9z = 4

Vector equations of the above planes are: r. (2i – 3j – 6k) = 5 and r. (6i + 2j – 9k) = 4

⟹ n₁ = 2i – 3j – 6k and n₂ = 6i + 2j – 9k

If θ is the angle between the planes r. n₁ = d₁ and r. n₂ = d₂, then

Cos θ =

⟹ Cos θ =

⟹ θ =

Question 9

a = 2i – j + k, b = i – 3j – 5k. Find the vector c such that a, b, and c form the sides of a triangle.

Sol:

Given a = 2i – j + k, b = i – 3j – 5k

If a, b, and c form the sides of a triangle, then a + b + c = 0

⟹ a + b = – c

⟹ c = – (a + b)

= – [(2i – j + k) +( i – 3j – 5k)]

= – (3i –4 j –4k)

∴ c = – 3i +4 j + 4k

Question 10

Find the equation of the plane through the point (3, –2, 1) and perpendicular to the vector (4, 7, –4).

Sol:

Let a = 3i – 2j + k and n = 4i + 7j – 4k

The equation of the plane passing through point A(a) and perpendicular to the vector n is (r – a). n = 0

⟹ [r – (3i – 2j + k)]. (4i + 7j – 4k) = 0

⟹ r. (4i + 7j – 4k)– [(3i – 2j + k). (4i + 7j – 4k)] = 0

r. (4i + 7j – 4k)– (12 – 14 – 4) = 0

r. (4i + 7j – 4k)– 6 = 0

r. (4i + 7j – 4k) = 6

Question 11

Find the unit vector parallel to the XOY-plane and perpendicular to the vector 4i – 3j + k

Sol:

The vector which is parallel to the XOY-plane is of the form xi + yj

The vector which is parallel to the XOY-plane and perpendicular to 4i – 3j + k

is 3i + 4j

its magnitude = = 5

∴ The unit vector parallel to the XOY-plane and perpendicular to the vector 4i – 3j + k =

Question 12

If a + b + c = 0, = 3, = 5 and = 7, then find the angle between a and b

Sol:

Given, a + b + c = 0, = 3, = 5 and = 7

a + b = – c

(a + b)² =

3² + 5² + 2 cos θ = 7²

9 + 25 + 2.3.5 cos θ = 49

34 + 30cos θ = 49

30cos θ = 49 – 34

30cos θ = 15

cos θ = 15/30 = 1/2

∴ θ = π/3

Question 13

If a = 2i – 3j + 5k, b = – i + 4j + 2k, then find a × b and unit vector perpendicular to both a and b

Sol:

Given, a = 2i – 3j + 5k, b = – i + 4j + 2k

a × b =

= i (–6 – 20) – j (4 + 5) + k (8 – 3)

= –26i – 9j + 5k

The unit vector perpendicular to both a and b =

Question 14

If a = i + j + 2k and b = 3i + 5j – k are two sides of a triangle, then find its area.

Sol:

Given, a = i + 2j + 3k and b = 3i + 5j – k

If a, b are two sides of a triangle, then area of the triangle =

a × b =

= i (–2 – 15) – j (–1 – 9) + k (5 – 6)

= –17i + 10 j – k

Area of triangle = =

Question 15

Find the area of the parallelogram for which the vectors a = 2i – 3j and b = 3i – k are adjacent sides.

Sol:

Given, a = 2i – 3j and b = 3i – k are adjacent sides of a parallelogram

The area of the parallelogram whose vectors a , b are adjacent sides =

a × b=

= i (3 – 0) – j (–2 – 0) + k (0 + 9)

=3 i +2 j +9 k

∴ The area of the parallelogram =

Question 16

Let a, b be two non-collinear unit vectors. If α = a – (a . b) b and β = a × b, then show that

Sol:

= 1 – cos² θ

= sin² θ

= 1 + cos² θ – 2cos² θ

= 1– cos² θ

= sin² θ

∴

Question 17

For any vector a, show that

Sol:

Let a = xi + yj + zk

a × i =

= i ( 0 – 0) – j (0 – z) + k (0 – y)

= – yk + zj

= y² + z²

Similarly, = x² + z² and = y² + x²

+ + = y² + z² + x² + z² + y² + x²

= 2(x² + y² +z²)

Question 18

If = 2, = 3 and (p, q) = , then find

Sol:

Given = 2, = 3 and (p, q) =

= sin (p, q)

= 2 × 3 sin

= 2 × 3×1/2

= 3

= 3² = 9

Question 19

If 4i + j + pk is parallel to the vector i + 2j + 3k, then find p.

Sol:

Given 4i + j + pk is parallel to the vector i + 2j + 3k

= =

= 4

⇒ p = 12

Question 20

Compute a× (b + c) + b× (c + a) + c× (a + b)

Sol:

a× (b + c) + b× (c + a) + c× (a + b)

= a× b + a× c + b× c + b× a + c × a + c × b

= a× b + a× c + b× c –a × b – a × c – b ×c

= 0

Question 21

Compute 2j× (3i – 4k) + (i + 2j) × k

Sol:

2j× (3i – 4k) + (i + 2j) × k

= 6(j × i) – 8(j × k) + (i × k) + 2(j × k)

= – 6k – 8i – j + 2i

= – 6i –j –6 j

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Addition of Vectors (Qns.& Ans) V.S.A.Q.’S

By [email protected] Reddy / February 18, 2021 / Education

Addition of Vectors

These solutions were designed by the ‘Basics in Maths’ team. These notes to do help intermediate First-year Maths students.

Inter Maths – 1A two marks questions and solutions are very useful in IPE examinations.

Addition of Vectors

QUESTION 1

Find the unit vector in the direction of

Sol: Given vector is

The unit vector in the direction of a vector is given by

QUESTION 2

Find a vector in the direction of a where that has a magnitude of 7 units.

Sol: Given vector is

The unit vector in the direction of a vector is

The vector having the magnitude 7 and in the direction of is

QUESTION 3

Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors, a = 2i + 2j – 5k and b = 2i + j + 3k

Sol Given vectors are a = 2i + 2j – 5k and b = 2i + j + 3k

a + b = (2i + 2j – 5k) + (2i + j + 3k) = 4i + 3j – 2k

QUESTION 4

Write the direction cosines of the vector

Sol: Given vector is

∴ Direction cosines are

QUESTION 5

Show that the points whose position vectors are – 2a + 3b + 5c, a + 2b + 3c, 7 a – c are collinear when a, b, c are non-collinear vectors

Sol: Let OA = – 2a + 3b + 5c, OB = a + 2b + 3c, OC = 7 a – cA

B = OB – OA = a + 2b + 3c – (– 2a + 3b + 5c)

AB = 3a – b – 2c

AC = OC – OA = 7 a – c – (– 2a + 3b + 5c)

AC = 9a – 3b – 6c = 3(3a – b – 2c)

AC = 3 AB

A, B and C are collinear

QUESTION 6

ABCD is a parallelogram if L and M are middle points of BC and CD. Then find (i) AL and AM in terms of AB and AD (ii) 𝛌, if AM = 𝛌 AD – LM

Sol: Given, ABCD is a parallelogram and L and M are middle points of BC and CD

(i) Take A as the origin

M is the midpoint of CD

AM =

= AD + ½ AB (∵ AB = DC)

L is the midpoint of BC

AL =

= AB + ½ AD ((∵ BC = AD)

(ii) AM = 𝛌 AD – LM

AM + LM= 𝛌 AD

AD + ½ AB + AD + ½ AB – (AB + ½ AD) = 𝛌 AD

AD + ½ AB + AD + ½ AB – AB – ½ AD = 𝛌 AD

3/2 AD = 𝛌 AD

∴𝛌 = 3/2

QUESTION 7

If G is the centroid of the triangle ABC, then show that OG = when, are the position vectors of the vertices of triangle ABC.

Sol: OA = a, OB = b, OC = c and OD = d

D is the midpoint of BC

OD =

G divides median AD in the ratio 2: 1

OG =

∴ OG =

QUESTION 8

If = , = are collinear vectors, then find m and n.

Sol: Given , are collinear vectors

⟹ = λ

Equating like vectors

2 = 4 λ; 5 = m λ; 1 = n λ

λ =

5 = m ⟹ m =10

1 = n ⟹ n = 2

∴ m = 10, n = 2

QUESTION 9

Let If , . Find the unit vector in the direction of a + b.

Sol: Given vectors are and

a + b =

The unit vector in the direction of a + b =

QUESTION 10

If the vectors – 3i + 4j + λk and μi + 8j + 6k. are collinear vectors, then find λ and μ.

Sol: let a = – 3i + 4j + λk, b = μi + 8j + 6k

⟹ a = tb

– 3i + 4j + λk = t (μi + 8j + 6k)

– 3i + 4j + λk = μt i + 8t j + 6t k

Equating like vectors

– 3 = μt; 4 = 8t, λ = 6t

4 = 8t

t =

– 3 = μ ⟹μ=– 6

λ = 6 ⟹ λ = 3

∴ μ=– 6, λ = 3

QUESTION 11

ABCD is a pentagon. If the sum of the vectors AB, AE, BC, DC, ED and AC is 𝛌 AC then find the value of 𝛌

Sol: Given, ABCD is a pentagon

AB + AE + BC + + DC + ED + AC = 𝛌 AC

(AB + BC) + (AE + DC + ED) + AC = 𝛌 AC

AC + AC + AC = 𝛌 AC

3 AC = 𝛌 AC

𝛌 = 3

QUESTION 12

If the position vectors of the points A, B and C are – 2i + j – k and –4i + 2j + 2k and 6i – 3j – 13k respectively and AB = 𝛌 AC, then find the value of 𝛌

Sol: Given, OA = – 2i + j – k , OB = –4i + 2j + 2k and OC = 6i – 3j – 13k

AB = OB – OA = –4i + 2j + 2k – (– 2i + j – k)

= –4i + 2j + 2k +2i – j + k

= –2i + j + 3k

AC = OC – OA = 6i – 3j – 13k – (– 2i + j – k)

= 6i – 3j – 13k +2i – j + k

= 8i –4 j –12k

= – 4 (2i + j + 3k)

AC = – 4 AB

Given AB = 𝛌 AC

𝛌 = – 1/4

QUESTION 13

If OA = i + j +k, AB = 3i – 2j + k, BC = i + 2j – 2k, CD = 2i + j +3k then find the vector OD

Sol: Given OA = i + j +k, AB = 3i – 2j + k, BC = i + 2j – 2k, CD = 2i + j +3k

OD = OA + AB + BC + CD

= i + j +k + 3i – 2j + k + i + 2j – 2k + 2i + j +3k

= 7i + 2j +4k

QUESTION 14

Let a = 2i +4 j –5 k, b = i + j+ k, c = j +2 k, then find the unit vector in the opposite direction of a + b + c

Sol: Given, a = 2i +4 j –5 k, b = i + j+ k, c = j +2 k

a + b + c = 2i +4 j –5 k + i + j+ k + j +2 k

= 3i +6j –2k

The unit vector in the opposite direction of a + b + c is

⟹

QUESTION 15

Is the triangle formed by the vectors 3i +5j +2k, 2i –3j –5k, –5i – 2j +3k

Sol: Let a =3i +5j +2k, b = 2i –3j –5k, c = –5i – 2j +3k

∴ Given vectors form an equilateral triangle.

QUESTION 16

Using the vector equation of the straight line passing through two points, prove that the points whose position vectors are a, b, (3a – 2b) are collinear.

Sol: the vector equation of the straight line passing through two points a, b is

r = (1 – t) a+ t b

3a – 2b = (1 – t) a+ t b

Equating like vectors

1 – t = 3 and t = – 2

∴ Given points are collinear.

QUESTION 17

OABC is a parallelogram If OA = a and OC = c, then find the vector equation of the side BC

Sol: Given, OABC is a parallelogram and OA = a, OC = c

The vector equation of BC is a line which is passing through C(c) and parallel to OA

⟹ the vector equation of BC is r = c + t a

QUESTION 18

If a, b, c are the position vectors of the vertices A, B, and C respectively of triangle ABC, then find the vector equation of the median through the vertex A

Sol: Given OA = a, OB = b, OC = c

D is mid of BC

OD = =

The equation of AD is

r = (1 – t) a + t ( )

QUESTION 19

Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point 2i +3j +k and parallel to the vector 4i – 2j + 3k

Sol: Let a =2i +3j +k, b = 4i – 2j + 3k

The vector equation of the line passing through a and parallel to the vector b is r = a + tb

r = 2i +3j +k + t (4i – 2j + 3k)

= (2 + 4t) i + (3 – 2t) j + (1 + 3t) k

QUESTION 20

Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points i – 2j + 5k, – 2j –k and – 3i + 5j

Sol: The vector equation of the line passing through a, b and cis r = (1 – t – s) a + tb + sc

⟹ r = (1 – t – s) (i – 2j + 5k) + t (– 2j –k) + s (– 3i + 5j)

= (1 – t – 4s) i + (– 2 – 3t + 7s) j + (5 – 6t – 5s) k

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Matrices ( Qns & Solutions) || V.S.A.Q’S||

By [email protected] Reddy / February 18, 2021 / Education

Matrices ( Qns & Solutions) || V.S.A.Q’S||

Matrices V.S.A.Q’s: This note is designed by the ‘Basics in Maths’ team. These notes to do help intermediate First-year Maths students.

Inter Maths – 1A two marks questions and solutions are very useful in IPE examinations.

These notes cover all the topics covered in the intermediate First-year Maths syllabus and include plenty of solutions to help you solve all the major types of Math problems asked in the

IPE examinations.

Matrices

QUESTION 1

If A = , then show that A² = –I

Sol: Given A =

∴ A² = –I

QUESTION 2

If A = , and A² = 0, then find the value of k.

Sol: Given A = and

A² = 0

⟹ A. A =0 ⟹ = 0

⟹ = 0

8 + 4k = 0, – 2 – k = 0 and –4 + k² = 0

4k = –8; k = –2; k² = 4

k = –2; k = –2; k = ± 2

∴ k =– 2

QUESTION 3

Find the Trace of A, If A =

Sol: Given A =

Trace of A = 1 – 1 + 1 = 1

QUESTION 4

If A = , B = and 2X + A = B, then find X.

Sol: Given A = , B = and 2X + A = B

2X = B – A

2X = –

X =

∴ X =

QUESTION 5

Find the additive inverse of A, If A =

Sol: Given A =

Additive inverse of A = – A

= –

QUESTION 6

If , then find the values of x, y, z and a.

Sol: Given

⟹ x- 1 = 1 – x ; y – 5 = – y ; z = 2 ; 1 + a = 1

⟹ x + x = 1 + 1; y + y = 5; z = 2; a =1– 1

⟹ 2x = 1; 2y = 5; z = 2; a = 0

∴ x = ½ ; y = 5/2; z = 2; a = 0

QUESTION 7

Construct 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are defined by a_ij =

Sol:

Let A=

a₁₁ =

a₁₁ = 1

a₁₂ =

a₂₁ =

a₂₂ =

a₂₂ = 2

a₃₁ =

a₃₁ = 0

a₃₂ =

∴ A =

QUESTION 8

If A = and B = , do AB and BA exist? If they exist, find them. BA and AB commutative with respect to multiplication.

Sol: Given Matrices are A = B =

Order of A = 2 × 3 and Order of B = 3 × 2

AB and BA exist

AB =

BA =

AB and BA are not Commutative under Multiplication

QUESTION 9

Define Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices

Sol:

Symmetric Matrix: Let A be any square matrix, if A^T = A, then A is called Symmetric Matrix

Skew Symmetric Matrix: Let A be any square matrix if A^T = –A, then A is called Skew Symmetric Matrix

QUESTION 10

If A = is a symmetric matrix, then find x.

Sol: Given, A = is a symmetric matrix

⟹ A^T = A

⟹ x = 6

QUESTION 11

If A = is a skew-symmetric matrix, then find x

Sol: Given A = is a skew-symmetric matrix

⟹ A^T = – A

⟹ x = –x

x+ x = 0 ⟹ 2x = 0

⟹ x = 0

QUESTION 12

If A = and B = , then find (A B^T)^T

Sol: Given A = B =

B^T=

(A B^T) =

(A B^T)^T =

QUESTION 13

If A = and B = , then find A + B^T

Sol: Given A = and B =

B^T =

A + B^T= +

QUESTION 14

If A = , then show that AA^T = A^TA = I

Sol: Given A =

A^T =

AA^T =

A^TA =

∴ AA^T = A^TA = I

QUESTION 15

Find the minor of – 1 and 3 in the matrix

Sol: Given Matrix is

minor of – 1 = = 0 + 15 = 15

minor of 3 = = – 4 + 0 = – 4

QUESTION 16

Find the cofactors 0f 2, – 5 in the matrix

Sol: Given matrix is

Cofactor of 2 = (–1)^{2 + 2} = –3 + 20 = 17

Cofactor of – 5 = (–1)^{3 + 2} = –1(2 – 5) = –1(–3) = 3

QUESTION 17

If ω is a complex cube root of unity, then show that = 0(where 1 + ω+ω² = 0)

Given matrix is

R₁ → R₁ + R₂ + R₃

= 0 (∵ 1 + ω+ω² = 0)

QUESTION 18

If A = and det A = 45, then find x.

Sol: Given A =

Det A = 45

⟹ = 45

⟹ 1(3x + 24) – 0 (2x – 20) + 0 (– 12 – 15) = 45

⟹ 3x + 24 = 45

3x = 45 – 24

3x = 21

x = 7

QUESTION 19

Find the adjoint and inverse of the following matrices

(i)

A =

Adj A =

A^-1 =

∴ A^-1 =

(ii)

A =

Adj A =

A^-1 =

∴ A^-1 =

QUESTION 20

Find the inverse of (abc ≠ 0)

Sol: Let A =

Det A = a (bc – 0) – 0(0 – 0) + 0(0 – 0)

Det A = abc ≠ 0

Cofactor matrix of A =

Adj A = (Cofactor matrix of A)^T

A^-1 =

∴ A^-1 =

QUESTION 20

Find the rank of the following matrices.

(i)

Let A =

Det A = 1 (0 – 2) – 2(1 – 0) + 1(– 1 – 0)

= – 2– 2– 1

= – 5 ≠ 0

∴ Rank of A = 3

(ii)

Let A =

Det A = – 1 (24 – 25) + 2(18 – 20) + – 3(15 – 16)

= – 1– 4 + 3

= – 0

Sub matrix of A =

Let B =

Det B = – 4 + 6 = 2 ≠ 0

∴ Rank of A = 2

(iii)

Let A =

Sub matrix of A =

Det of Sub matrix of A = – 1 – 0 = – 1 ≠ 0

∴ Rank of A = 2

(iv)

Let A =

Sub matrix of A =

Det of Sub matrix of A =1 (1 – 0) – 0(0 – 0) + 0(0 – 0)

= 1≠ 0

∴ Rank of A = 3

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The Plane (2m Questions & Solutions) || V.S.A.Q’S||

By [email protected] Reddy / February 18, 2021 / Education

The Plane (2m Questions & Solutions) || V.S.A.Q’S||

The Plane: These solutions were designed by the ‘Basics in Maths’ team. These notes to do help intermediate First-year Maths students.
Inter Maths – 1B two mark questions and solutions are very useful in IPE examinations.
These notes cover all the topics covered in the intermediate First-year Maths syllabus and include plenty of solutions to help you solve all the major types of Math problems asked in the IPE examinations.

The Plane

Question 1

Find the equation of the plane if the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane is (2, 3, – 5).

Sol:

The plane passes through A and is perpendicular to OA, then the line segment OA is normal to the plane.

Dr’s of OA = (2, 3, – 5)

The equation of the plane passing through the point (x₁, y₁, z₁) and dr’s (a, b, c) is

a(x – x₁) + b (y – y₁) + c (z – z₁) = 0

⟹ 2(x – 2) + 3 (y – 3) – 5 (z + 5) = 0

2x – 4 + 3y – 9 – 5z – 25 = 0

2x + 3y – 5z – 38 = 0

Question 2

Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (0, – 1, – 1), (4, 5, 1) and (3, 9, 4)

Sol:

The equation of the plane passing through the points (x₁, y₁, z₁) (x₂, y₂, z₂) (x₃, y₃, z₃) is

The plane passing through the points (0, – 1, – 1), (4, 5, 1) and (3, 9, 4) is

⟹ = 0

x (30 – 20) – (y + 1) (20 – 6) + (z + 1) (40 – 18) = 0

x (10) – (y + 1) (14) + (z + 1) (22) = 0

10x – 14y – 14 + 22z + 22 = 0

10x – 14y + 22z + 8 = 0

2(5x – 7y + 11z + 4) = 0

∴ the equation of the plane is 5x – 7y + 11z + 4 = 0

Question 3

Find the equation to the plane parallel to the ZX-plane and passing through (0, 4, 4).

Sol:

Equation of ZX-plane is y = 0

The equation of the plane parallel to the ZX-plane is y = k

But it is passing through (0, 4, 4)

⟹ y = 4

Question 4

Find the equation to the plane passing through the point (α, β, γ) and parallel to the plane axe + by + cz + d = 0.

Sol:

The equation of the plane parallel to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is ax + by + cz + k = 0

But it is passing through the point (α, β, γ)

a α + b β + c γ + k = 0

⟹ k = – a α – b β – c γ

The equation of the plane is ax + by + cz – a α – b β – c γ = 0

⟹ a(x – α) + b (y – β)+ c (z – γ) = 0

Question 5

Find the angle between the planes 2x – y + z = 6 and x + y + 2z = 7.

Sol: If θ is the angle between the planes a₁ x + b₁ y + c₁ z + d₁ = 0 and a₂x + b₂ y + c₂ z + d₂ = 0, then cos θ =

Cos θ =

Cos θ = cos 60⁰

θ = 60⁰ =

Question 6

Reduce the equation x + 2y – 2z – 9 = 0 to the normal form and hence find the dc’s of the normal to the plane.

Sol: Given plane is x + 2y – 2z – 9 = 0

x + 2y – 2z = 9

dividing into both sides by

the normal form is

dc’s of the normal to the plane are

Question 7

Suppose a plane makes intercepts 2, 3, 4 on X, Y, Z axes respectively. Find the equation of the plane in the intercept form.

Sol: Given a = 2, b = 3, c = 4

The equation of the line in the intercept form is

⟹

Question 8

Express x – 3y + 2z = 9 in the intercept form

Sol: Given plane is x – 3y + 2z = 9

⟹

It is in the form of

a = 9, b = – 3, c = 9/2

Question 9

Find the direction cosine of the normal to the plane x + 2y + 2z – 4 = 0.

Sol: Given plane is x + 2y + 2z – 4 = 0

We know that Dr’s of the normal to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 are (a, b, c)

⟹ dc’s of the normal to the plane =

⟹ dr’s of the normal to the plane x + 2y + 2z – 4 = 0 are (1, 2, 2)

⟹ dc’s of the normal to the plane are

Question 10

Find the midpoint of the line joining the points (1, 2, 3) and (–2, 4, 2)

Sol: Given points are A (1, 2, 3), B (–2, 4, 2)

The midpoint of AB =

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3D Coordinates (Q’s & Ans) || V.S.A.Q’S||

By [email protected] Reddy / February 18, 2021 / Education

These solutions were designed by the ‘Basics in Maths‘ team. These notes to do help intermediate First-year Maths students.

Inter Maths – 1B two mark questions and solutions are very useful in IPE examinations.

3D Coordinates

1. Show that the points A (– 4, 9, 6), B (– 1, 6, 6), and C (0, 7, 10) form a right-angled isosceles triangle.

Sol:

Distance between two points P (x₁, y₁, z₁) and Q (x₂, y₂, z₂) is PQ =

∴ The points A (– 4, 9, 6), B (– 1, 6, 6) and C (0, 7, 10) form a right-angled isosceles triangle.

2. Show that the locus of the point whose distance from Y – axis is thrice its distance from (1, 2, – 1) is 8x ² + 9y² + 8 z² – 18x – 36y + 18z + 54 = 0

Sol:

Let P (x, y, z) be the locus of the point

A (0, y, 0) be any point on Y – axis

B = (1, 2, – 1)

Condition is PA = 3PB

PA² = (3PB)²

PA²= 9 PB²

⟹ x² + z² = 9[(x – 1)² + (y – 2)² + (z + 1)²]

x² + z² = 9[x²– 2x + 1 + y² – 4y + 4 + z² + 2z + 1]

x² + z² = 9x²– 18x + 9 + 9y² – 36y + 36 +9 z² + 18z + 9

∴ 8x ² + 9y² + 8 z² – 18x – 36y + 18z + 54 = 0

3. A, B, and C are three points on OX, OY, and OZ respectively, at distances a, b, c (a≠0, b≠0, c≠0) from the origin ‘O’. Find the coordinate of the point which is equidistant from A, B, C, and O

Sol:

Let P (x, y, z) be the required point

O = (0, 0, 0) A = (a, 0, 0), B = (0, b, 0), C = (0, 0, c)

Given, AP = BP = CP = OP

AP = OP

⟹ AP² =OP²

(x – a )²+ y² + z² = x² + y² + z²

x² + a² – 2ax + y² + z² = x² + y² + z²

a² – 2ax = 0

a (a – 2x) = 0

a – 2x = 0 (∵ a≠0)

a = 2x ⟹ a/2

Similarly, y = b/2 and z = c/2

∴ P = (a/2, b/2, c/2)

4. Show that the points A (3, – 2, 4), B (1, 1, 1) and C (– 1, 4, – 2) are collinear

Sol:

Given points are A (3, – 2, 4), B (1, 1, 1), and C (– 1, 4, – 2)

5.Find x if the distance between (5, – 1, 7), (x, 5, 1) is 9 units.

Sol:

Let A = (5, – 1, 7), B = (x, 5, 1)

Given AB = 9

⟹ AB² = 81

(5 – x)² + (– 1 – 5)² + (7 – 1)² = 81

(5 – x)²+ 36 + 36 = 81

(5 – x)² + 72 = 81

(5 – x)²= 81 – 72 = 9

(5 – x) = ± 3

5 – x = 3 or 5 – x = – 3

5 – 3 = x or 5 + 3 = x

x = 2 or x = 8

6.If the point (1, 2, 3) is changed to point (2, 3, 1) through the translation of axes. Find a new origin.

Sol:

Given (x, y, z) = (1, 2, 3) and (X, Y, Z) = (2, 3, 1)

x = X + h, y = Y + k, z = Z + l

h = x – X, k = y – Y, l = z – Z

h = 1 – 2, k = 2 – 3, l = 3 – 1

h = – 1, k = – 1, l = 2

New origin is (– 1, – 1, 2)

7.By section formula, find the point which divides the line joining the points (2, – 3, 1) and (3, 4, – 5) in the ratio 1 : 3.

Sol:

If a point P divides the line segment joining the points (x₁, y₁, z₁), (x₂, y₂, z₂) in the ratio, then

Let P divides the line joining the points (2, – 3, 1) and (3, 4, – 5) in the ratio 1 : 3

8.Find the ratio in which the line joining two points (7, 0, – 1) and (– 2, 3, 5) is divided by the point (1,2,3).

Sol:

Let A = (7, 0, – 1), B = (– 2, 3, 5) and P = (1,2,3)

Suppose P divides AB in the ratio k : 1

9.Using section formula, verify whether the points A (2, –4, 3), B (–4, 5, 6), C (4, –7, 2) are collinear or not.

Sol:

Given Points are A (2, –4, 3), B (–4, 5, 6), C (4, –7, 2)

Let C divides AB in the ratio k : 1

2 – 4k = 4 (k + 1)

2 – 4k = 4k + 4

– 4k– 4k = 4 – 2

– 8k = 2

K = -1/4

C divides AB in the Ratio 1 : 4 externally

∴ A, B, C are collinear

10.Find the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (5, 4, 6), (1, –1, 3) and (4, 3, 2)

Sol:

The centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (x₁, y₁, z₁), (x₂, y₂, z₂) and (x₃, y₃, z₃) is

11. Find the centroid of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (2, 3, –4), (–3, 3, –2), (–1, 4, 2) and (3, 5, 1)

Sol:

The centroid of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (x₁, y₁, z₁), (x₂, y₂, z₂) (x₃, y₃, z₃), and (x₄, y₄, z₄) is

the centroid of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (2, 3, –4), (–3, 3, –2), (–1, 4, 2) and (3, 5, 1) is

12. Find the ratio in which the YZ-plane divides the line joining A(2, 4, 5) and B (3, 5, – 4)

Sol:

Let P be any point on the YZ-plane

P = (0, y, z)

Let P divides AB int eh ratio k:1

YZ-plane divides AB in the ratio – 2:3

13. Find the fourth vertex of the parallelogram whose consecutive vertices are (2, 4, – 1), (3, 6, – 1) and (4, 5, 1).

Sol:

let A = (2, 4, – 1), B = (3, 6, – 1), C = (4, 5, 1) and D = (x, y, z)

ABCD is a parallelogram

Midpoint of AC = Midpoint of BD

⟹ 3 + x = 6, 6 + y = 9, – 1 + z = 0

x = 3, y = 3, z = 1

∴ The fourth vertex D = (3, 3, 1)

14. A (5, 4, 6), B (1, –1, 3), and C (3, 3, 1) are three points. Find the coordinates of the point at which the bisector of ∠BAC meets the side BC.

Sol:

We know that the bisector of ∠BAC divides BC in the ratio AB: AC

If D is a point where the bisector of ∠BAC meets BC

⟹ D divides BC in the ratio 5:3

15. If M (α, β, γ) is the midpoint of the line joining the points (x₁, y₁, z₁) and B, then find B

Sol:

Let B (x, y, z) be the required point

M is the midpoint of AB

⟹ (α, β, γ) =

⟹ 2 α = x + x₁; 2 β = y + y₁; 2 γ = z + z₁

x =2 α – x₁; x =2 β – y_1; x =2 γ – z₁

∴ B = (2 α – x₁, 2 β – y₁, 2 γ –)

16. If H, G, S, and I respectively denote the orthocenter, centroid, circumcenter, and incentre of a triangle formed by the points (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 1) and (3, 1, 2), then find H, G, S, I.

Sol:

Let A = (1, 2, 3), B= (2, 3, 1), C = (3, 1, 2)

⟹ ∆ ABC is an equilateral triangle

We know that, in an equilateral triangle orthocenter, centroid, circumcenter, and incentre are the same

Centroid G =

= (2, 2, 2)

∴ H = (2, 2, 2), S = (2, 2, 2), I = (2, 2, 2)

17. Find the incentre of the triangle formed by the points (0, 0, 0), (3, 0, 0) and (0, 4, 0).

Sol:

Let A = (0, 0, 0), B = (3, 0, 0) and C = (0, 4, 0)

∴ I = (1, 1,0)

18. Find the ratio in which point P (5, 4, – 6) divides the line segment joining the points A (3, 2, – 4) and B (9, 8, –10). Also, find the harmonic conjugate of P

Sol:

Harmonic Conjugate: If P divides AB in the ratio m: n, then the Harmonic Conjugate of P (i.e., Q) divides AB in the ratio –m : n.

Given points are A (3, 2, – 4), B (9, 8, –10), and P (5, 4, – 6)

P divides AB in the ratio is x₂ – x : x – x₂

= 3 – 5 : 5 – 9

= 1 : 2 (internally)

Let Q be the harmonic conjugate of P

⟹ Q divides AB in the ratio –1 : 2

Q =

= (–3, –4, –2)

Q (–3, –4, –2) is the hormonic conjugate of P (5, 4, – 6)

19. If (3, 2, – 1), (4, 1,1), and (6, 2, 5) are three vertices and (4, 2, 2) is the centroid of the tetrahedron, find the fourth Vertex.

Sol:

Given vertices of Tetrahedron are A (3, 2, – 1), B (4, 1,1), C (6, 2, 5) and centroid G = (4, 2, 2)

Let the fourth vertex is D = (x, y, z)

The centroid of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (x₁, y₁, z₁), (x₂, y₂, z₂) (x₃, y₃, z₃), and (x₄, y₄, z₄) is

13 + x = 16, 5 + y = 8, 5 + z = 2

x = 3, y = 3, z = 3

∴ the fourth vertex D = (3, 3, 3)

20. Show that the points A(3, 2, –4), (5, 4, –6), and C(9, 8, –10) are collinear and find the ratio in which B divides AC.

Sol:

Given points are A(3, 2, –4), (5, 4, –6) and C(9, 8, –10)

∴ points A (3, 2, –4), (5, 4, –6), and C (9, 8, –10) are collinear

B divides AB in the ratio is AB: BC =

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Straight Lines (2m Questions & Solutions) || V.S.A.Q’S||

By [email protected] Reddy / February 4, 2021 / Education

This note is designed by the ‘Basics in Maths’ team. These notes to do help the intermediate First-year Maths students.

Inter Maths – 1B two mark questions and solutions are very useful in IPE examinations.

These notes cover all the topics covered in the intermediate First-year Maths syllabus and include plenty of solutions to help you solve all the major types of Math problems asked in the IPE examinations.

Straight Lines

QUESTION1.

Prove that the points (1, 11), (2, 15), and (– 3, – 5) are collinear, and find the equation of the line containing them.

Sol:

Let A (1, 11), B (2, 15), and C (– 3, – 5)

The slope of the line segment joining the points (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂) is

Slope of AB = = 4

Slope of BC = = = 4

QUESTION2.

Find the condition for the points (a, 0), (h, k), and (0, b) to be collinear.

Sol:

Let A (a, 0), B (h, k) and C (0, b)

The slope of the line segment joining the points (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂) is Given that A, B, and C are collinear points

The slope of AB = The slope of BC

⟹

⟹ – hk = (h – a) ( b – k)

– hk = hb – hk – ab + ak

⟹ 0 = hb + ak – ab

⟹ hb + ak = ab or

QUESTION3.

Find the equations of the straight lines which makes intercepts whose sum is sum is 5 and product is 6.

Sol:

The equation of the line in the intercept form is

Given that, a + b = 5 and ab = 6

⟹ b = 5 – a

a(5 – a) = 6

5a – a² = 6

a² – 5a + 6 = 0

a – 3a – 2a + 6 = 0

a (a – 3) – 2(a – 3) = 0

(a – 3) (a – 2) = 0

a = 3 or a = 2

case (i) if a = 3 ⟹ b = 2

⟹ 2x + 3y – 6 = 0

case (ii) if a = 2 ⟹ b = 3

= 1 ⟹ 3x + 2y – 6 = 0

QUESTION4.

Find the equation of the straight line which makes an angle 135⁰ with the positive X – axis measured countered clockwise and passing through the point (– 2, 3).

Sol:

Slope of the line m = tan 135⁰ = – 1

The point is (– 2, 3)

The equation of the straight line in slope point form is (y – y₁) = m (x – x₁)

The equation of the line passing through the point (– 2, 3) with slope – 1 is

y – 3 = – 1 (x + 2)

y – 3 =– x – 2

x + y – 1 = 0

QUESTION5.

Find the equation of the straight line passing through the points (1, – 2) and (– 2, 3).

Sol:

Given points are (1, – 2), (– 2, 3)

The equation of the straight line in two points form is (y – y₁) = (x – x₁)

The equation of required straight line is

(y + 2) = (x – 1)

– 3 (y + 2) = 5 (x – 1)

– 3y – 6 = 5x – 5

5x + 3y + 1 = 0

QUESTION6.

Find the slopes of the line x + y = 0 and x – y = 0

Sol:

The slope of the line ax + by + c = 0 is

The slope of the line x + y = 0 is = – 1

The slope of the line x – y = 0 is = 1

QUESTION7.

Find the angle which the straight-line y = x – 4 makes with the Y-axis.

Sol:

Given equation is y = x – 4

Compare with y = mx + c

m = ⟹ tan θ =
θ =

Angle made by the line with X-axis is

Angle made by the line with Y-axis is

QUESTION8.

Find the equation of the reflection of the line x = 1 in the Y-axis.

Sol:

Given equation is x = 1

Reflection about the Y-axis is x =– 1

Required equation of the line is x + 1 = 0

QUESTION9.

Write the equations of the straight lines parallel to X-axis and (i) at a distance of 3 units above the X-axis and (ii) at a distance of 4 units below the X-axis.

Sol:

(i) The equation of the straight line parallel to X-axis which is at a distance of 3 units above the X-axis is y = 3

⟹ y – 3 = 0

(ii) The equation of the straight line parallel to X-axis which is at a distance of 4 units below the X-axis is y = – 4

⟹ y + 4 = 0

QUESTION10.

Write the equations of the straight lines parallel to the Y-axis and (i) at a distance of 2 units from the Y-axis to the right of it (ii) at a distance of 5 units from the Y-axis to the left of it.

Sol:

(i) The equation of the straight line parallel to the Y-axis which is at a distance of 2 units from the Y-axis to the right of it is x = 2

⟹ x – 2 = 0

(ii) The equation of the straight line parallel to the Y-axis which is at a distance of 5 units from the Y-axis to the left of it is x =– 5

⟹ x + 5 = 0

QUESTION 11.

Find the value of x, if the slope of the line passing through (2, 5) and (x, 3) is 2.

Sol:

Given the slope of the line passing through (2, 5) and (x, 3) is 2.

The slope of the line segment joining the points (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂) is

⟹ = 2

⟹ 2(x – 2) = – 2

x – 2 = – 1

x = 1

QUESTION 12.

Find the equation of the straight line passing through (– 4, 5) and making non – zero intercepts on the coordinate axes whose sum is zero.

Sol:

The equation of a line in the intercept form is

Given a = b

⟹ = 1

⟹

x + y = a

but it is passing through (– 4, 5)

– 4+ 5 = a

a = 1

∴ The equation of the required straight line is x + y = 1

x + y – 1 = 0

QUESTION13.

Find the equation of the straight line passing through (– 2, 5) and cutting off equal and non – zero intercepts on the coordinate axes.

Sol:

The equation of a line in the intercept form is

Given a + b = 0

b = – a

⟹

x – y = a

but it is passing through (– 2, 4)

– 2– 4 = a

a = –6

∴ The equation of the required straight line is x – y = –6

x + y + 6 = 0

QUESTION14.

Find the equation of the straight line whose distance from the origin is 4, if the normal ray from the origin to the straight line makes an angle of 135⁰ with the positive direction of X – axis

Sol:

The equation of the straight line in the normal form is x cos α + y sin α = p

p = 4 and α = 135⁰

x cos 135⁰ + y sin 135⁰ = 4

x + y = 4

= 4

– x + y = 4

x – y + 4 = 0

QUESTION15.

Write the parametric equation of the straight line passing through the point (3, 2) and making an angle 135⁰ with the positive direction of the X – axis.

Sol:

Given θ = 135⁰ and (h, k) = (3, 2)

The parametric equations are: x = h + r Cos θ, y = k +r Sin θ

x = 3 + r Cos 135⁰, y = 2 + r Sin 135⁰

x = 3 – , y = 2 +

QUESTION16.

Transform the following equation into normal form.

(i) x + y +1 = 0

Sol:

Given equation is x + y +1 = 0

x + y =– 1

– x – y = 1

Dividing on both sides by

(ii) x + y = 2

Sol:

Given equation is x + y = 2

Dividing on both sides by

QUESTION 17.

If the area of the triangle formed by the straight lines x = 0, y = 0 and 3x + 4y =a (a > 0) is 6 square units. Find the value of ‘a’.

Sol:

Given equation is 3x + 4y = a

The area of the triangle formed by the straight-line ax + by + c = 0 with the coordinate axes is

⟹ = 6

= 6

a²= 24 ⟹ a = 12(∵ a > 0)

QUESTION18.

Find the sum of the squares of the intercepts of the line 4x – 3y = 12

Sol:

Given equation is 4x – 3y = 12

It is in the form of

a = 3 and b =– 4

the sum of the squares of intercepts = a² + b ²

= 3² + (– 4)²

= 9 + 16 = 25

QUESTION 19.

Find the angle made by the straight – line y = – x + 3 with the positive direction of the X-axis measured in the counter-clockwise direction.

Sol:

Give equation of straight line is y = x + 3

It is in the form of y = mx + c

m =

tan θ =

⟹ θ =

QUESTION 20.

Find the equation of the straight line in the symmetric form, given the slope and point on the line (2, 3).

Sol:

Equation of the line in the symmetric form is

Given Point (x₁, y₁) = (2, 3) and slope m =

tan θ =

⟹ θ = 60⁰

∴ The equation of the line is

QUESTION 21.

If the product of the intercepts made by the straight-line x tan α + y sec α = 1 (0≤ α < π/2) on the coordinate axes is equal to sin α, find α.

Sol:

Given equation is x tan α + y sec α = 1

It is in the form of

a = cot α, b = cos α

product of intercepts = sin α

⟹ ab = sin α

cot α.cos α = sin α

(cos α)/ (sin α). cos α = sin α

⟹ cos² α = sin² α

⟹ tan² α = 1

tan α = 1(∵ 0≤ α < π/2)

∴ α = 45⁰

QUESTION22.

If the sum of the reciprocals of the intercepts made by a variable straight–line on the axes of coordinates is a constant, then prove that the line always passes through a fixed point.

Sol:

The equation of the line in the intercept form is

Let the sum of the reciprocals of intercepts is k

⟹

∴ the line always passes through a fixed point (1/k, 1/k).

QUESTION23.

Find the ratio in which the straight-line 2x + 3y – 20 = 0 divides the join of the points (2, 3) and (2, 10).

Sol:

Given equation is L ≡ 2x + 3y – 20 = 0

L₁₁ = 2(2) + 3(3) = 4 + 9– 20 = – 7

L₂₂ = 2(2) + 3(10) = 4 + 30 – 20 = 14

We know that the line L = 0 divides the line joining the points (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂) in the ratio – L₁₁ : L₂₂

= – (– 7) : 14

= 1 : 2

QUESTION24.

State whether (3, 2) (– 4, – 3) are on the same or opposite sides of the straight-line 2x – 3y + 4 = 0.

Sol:

Given equation is L ≡ 2x – 3y + 4 = 0

L₁₁ = 2(3) – 3(2) + 4 = 6 – 6 + 4 = 4 > 0

L₂₂ = 2(– 4) – 3(–3) + 4 = – 8 + 9 + 4 = 5 > 0

L₁₁, L₂₂ has the Same sign

∴ Given points lies the same side of the line 2x – 3y + 4 = 0.

QUESTION25.

Find the ratio in which (i) X-axis and (ii) Y-axis divide the line segment joining A (2, –3) and B (3, – 6)

Sol:

(i) X – axis divide in the ratio – y₁ : y₂ = – ( –3) : – 6 = – 1 : 2

(ii) Y – axis in the ratio – x₁ : x_{2 =} – 2 : 3 = – 2 : 3

QUESTION26.

Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point of intersection of the lines x + y + 1 = 0 and 2x – y + 5 = 0 and containing the point (5, – 2).

Sol:

Given equations are

x + y + 1 = 0 ……… (1)

2x – y + 5 = 0……. (2)

The equation of the line passing through the point of intersection of the lines L₁ = 0 and L₂ = 0 is L₁ + λ L₂ = 0

The equation of the line passing through the point of intersection of the lines (1) and (2) is

x + y + 1 + λ (2x – y + 5) = 0

but the line passes through (5, – 2)

5 – 2 + 1 + λ (2(5) – (– 2) + 5) = 0

4 + λ (10 + 2 + 5) = 0

4 + λ (17) = 0

λ = –4 /17

∴ the equation of required line is

x + y + 1 + (–4 /17) (2x – y + 5) = 0

17(x + y + 1) –4 (2x – y + 5) = 0

17x + 17y + 17 – 8x + 4y – 20 = 0

9x + 21y – 3 = 0

3x + 7y – 1 = 0

QUESTION27.

If a, b, and c are in arithmetic progression, then show that the equation ax + by + c = 0 represents a family of concurrent lines and find the point of concurrency.

Sol:

Given, a, b, and c are in A.P. and the equation is ax + by + c = 0

a, b, and c are in A.P.

⟹ b = (a + c)/2

Substitute b value in the equation ax + by + c = 0

⟹ ax + [ (a + c)/2]y + c = 0

ax + ay/2 + cy/2 + c = 0

a(x + y/2) + c(y/2 + 1) = 0

dividing on both sides by a

⟹ (x + y/2) + (c/a) (y/2 + 1) = 0

It is in the form of L₁ + λ L₂ = 0

∴ given equation represent a family of concurrent lines

x + y/2 = 0 and y/2 + 1 = 0 are the lines

y/2 + 1 = 0 ⟹ y/2 = – 1

y =– 2 ⟹ x = 1

The point of concurrency is (– 2, 1)

QUESTION28.

Find the point of intersection of the line 7x + y + 3 = 0 and x + y = 0

Sol:

Given equations are 7x + y + 3 = 0 and x + y = 0

∴ The point of intersection is

QUESTION29.

Transform the following equations into the form L₁ + λ L₂ = 0 and find the point of concurrency of the family of straight lines represented by the equation.

(i) (2 + 5k) x – 3 (1 + 2k) y + (2 – k) = 0

Given equation is

(2 + 5k) x – 3 (1 + 2k) y + (2 – k) = 0

2x + 5kx – 3y – 6ky + 2 – k = 0

2x – 3y + 2 + k (5x – 6y – 1) = 0

It is in the form of L₁ + λ L₂ = 0 L₁≡ 2x – 3y + 2 = 0 and L₂≡ 5x – 6y – 1 = 0

By solving above equations, we get point of concurrency

∴ The point of concurrency is (5, 4)

(ii) ( k + 1) x + (k + 2) y + 5 = 0

Given equation is (k + 1) x + (k + 2) y + 5 = 0

kx + x + ky + 2y + 5 = 0

x + 2y + 5 + k (x + y) = 0

It is in the form of L₁ + λ L₂ = 0

L₁≡ x + 2y + 5 = 0 and L₂≡ x + y = 0

By solving the above equations, we get point of concurrency

∴ The point of concurrency is (5, – 5)

QUESTION30.

Find the value of ‘p’, if the straight lines x + p = 0, y + 2 = 0 and 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 are concurrent.

Sol:

Given that x + p = 0 —— (1), y + 2 = 0 —— (2) and 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 —— (3) are concurrent.

From (1) x + p = 0 ⟹ x = – p

From (2) y + 2 = 0 ⟹ y = – 2

Point of intersection of (1) and (2) is (– p, – 2)

From (3)

3y + 2x + 5 = 0

3(– p) + 2 (– 2) + 5 = 0

– 3p – 4 + 5 = 0

– 3p + 1 = 0

3p = 1

p = 1/3

QUESTION31.

Find the area of the triangle formed by the following straight lines and the coordinate axes.

(i) x – 4y + 2 = 0

The area of the triangle formed by the straight-line ax + by + c = 0 with the coordinate axes is

The area of the triangle formed by the straight-line x – 4y + 2 = 0 with the coordinate axes is =

(ii) 3x – 4y + 12 = 0

The area of the triangle formed by the straight-line 3x – 4y + 12 = 0 with the coordinate axes is =

QUESTION32.

Find the angle between the lines 2x + y + 4 = 0 and y – 3x =7

Sol:

Given Equations are 2x + y + 4 = 0 and y – 3x =7

If θ is the angle between the lines a₁x + b₁y + c = 0 and a₂x + b₂y + c = 0, then cos θ =

⟹ cos θ =

cos θ =

∴ θ = 45⁰

QUESTION33.

Find the perpendicular distance from the point (– 3, 4) to the straight line 5x – 12y = 2

Sol:

Given equation is 5x – 12y = 2 ⟹ 5x – 12y – 2 = 0

The perpendicular distance from the point (x₁, y₁) to the straight-line ax + by + c = 0 is

The perpendicular distance from the point (– 3, 4) to the straight-line 5x – 12y – 2 = 0 is

= 5

QUESTION34.

Find the distance between the parallel lines 3x + 4y – 3 = 0 and 6x + 8y – 1 = 0

Sol:

Given equations are 3x + 4y – 3 = 0 and 6x + 8y – 1 = 0

3x + 4y – 3 = 0 ⟹ 2(3x + 4y – 3) = 2(0) (multiplying on both sides by 2)

⟹ 6x + 8y – 6 = 0

The distance between two parallel lines ax + by + c₁ =0 and ax + by + c₂ =0 is

The distance between two parallel lines 6x + 8y – 6 = 0 and 6x + 8y – 1 = 0 is

QUESTION35.

Find the foot of the perpendicular from (– 1, 3) on the straight line 5x – y – 18 = 0

Sol:

Let (h, k) be the foot of the perpendicular from (– 1, 3) on the straight line 5x – y – 18 = 0

If (h, k) is the foot of the perpendicular from (x₁, y₁) on the straight-line ax + by + c = 0, then

⟹

h+ 1 = 5 and k – 3 = – 1

h = 4 and k = 2

∴ (h, k) = (4, 2)

QUESTION36.

Find the image of (1, – 2) with respect to the straight line 2x – 3y + 5 = 0

Sol:

Let (h, k) be the image of (1, – 2) with respect to the straight line 2x – 3y + 5 = 0

If (h, k) is the image of the point (x₁, y₁) with respect to the straight line ax + by + c = 0, then

If (h, k) is the image of (1, – 2) with respect to the straight line 2x – 3y + 5 = 0,

⟹

h – 1 = – 4 and k + 2 = 6

h =– 3 and k = 4

∴ (h, k) = (– 3, 4)

QUESTION37.

If 2x – 3y – 5 = 0 is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining (3, –4) and (α, β), find α + β.

Sol:

Given 2x – 3y – 5 = 0 is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining (3, –4) and (α, β)

⟹ (α, β) is the image of (3, –4) concerning the straight line 2x – 3y – 5 = 0

⟹

α – 3 = – 4 and β + 4 = 6

α = – 1 and β = 2

α + β = – 1 + 2 = 1

QUESTION38.

Find the incenter of the triangle whose vertices are (1, ), (2, 0) and (0, 0)

Sol:

Let O = (0, 0), A = (1, ) and B = (2, 0)

a = AB =

b = OB =

c = OA =

in centre of a triangle with sides a, b and c, whose vertices (x₁, y₁), (x₂, y₂) and (x₃, y₃) is

In centre of ∆ OAB =

= =

QUESTION39.

Find the ortho centre of the triangle whose sides are given by x + y + 10 = 0, x – y – 2 = 0 and 2x + y – 7 = 0.

Sol:

Given equations are

x + y + 10 = 0 …… (1)

x – y – 2 = 0 …… (2)

2x + y – 7 = 0. …… (3)

Slope of the line (1) is – 1

Slope of the line (2) is 1

The straight lines (1) and (2) are perpendicular lines

The point of intersection of (1) and (2) is the orthocenter

x + y = – 10 ⟹ y = – 10 – x

from (2) x – y – 2 = 0

x – (– 10 – x) – 2 = 0

x + 10 + x – 2 = 0

2x + 8 = 0 ⟹ x = – 4

⟹ y = – 10 + 4 = – 6

∴ Orthocenter is (– 4, – 6)

QUESTION40.

Find the circum centre of the triangle whose sides are x = 1, y = 1 and x + y = 1

Sol:

Given equations are x = 1, y = 1 and x + y = 1

A = (1, 0), B = (1, 1) and C = (0, 1)

AB and BC are perpendicular lines

Circum centre is the midpoint of hypotenuse

i.e., midpoint of AC

∴ Circum centre =

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Functions (2M Questions &Solutions)|| V.S.A.Q.’S||

By [email protected] Reddy / February 1, 2021 / Education

Functions (2M Questions &Solutions)|| V.S.A.Q.’S||

Functions (2M Questions &Solutions): This note is designed by the ‘Basics in Maths’ team. These notes to do help intermediate First-year Maths students.

Inter Maths – 1A two marks questions and solutions are very useful in IPE examinations.

These notes cover all the topics covered in the intermediate First-year Maths syllabus and include plenty of solutions to help you solve all the major types of Math problems asked in the

IPE examinations.

Functions

QUESTION 1

Find the Domain of the following real-valued functions.

(i) f(x) =

Sol: given f(x) =

It is defined when 6x – x² – 5 ≠ 0

⇒ x² – 6x + 5 ≠ 0

x² – 5x – x + 5 ≠ 0

x (x – 5) –1(x – 5) ≠ 0

(x – 5) (x – 1) ≠ 0

x ≠ 5 or x ≠ 1

∴ domain = R – {1, 5}

(ii) f(x) =

Sol: Given f(x) =

It is defined when 3 + x ≥ 0, 3 – x ≥ 0 and x ≠ 0

⇒ x ≥ –3, x ≤ 3 and x ≠ 0

⇒ –3≤ x, x ≤ 3 and x ≠ 0

⇒ –3≤ x ≤ 3 and x ≠ 0

x ∈ [–3, 3] – {0}

∴ domain = [–3, 3] – {0}

(iii) f(x) =

Sol: Given f(x) =

It is defined when x + 2 ≥ 0, 1 – x > 0 and 1 – x ≠ 0

⇒ x ≥ –2, x < 1 and x ≠ 0

x ∈ [–2, ∞) ∩ (– ∞, 1) – {0}

⇒ x ∈ [–2, 1) – {0}

∴ domain = [–2, 1) – {0}

(iv) f(x) =

Given f(x) =

It is defined when 4x – x² ≥ 0

⇒ x² – 4x ≤ 0

x (x – 4) ≤ 0

(x – 0) (x – 4) ≤ 0

x ∈ [0, 4]

∴ domain = [0, 4]

(v) f(x) = log (x² – 4x + 3)

Given f(x) = log (x² – 4x + 3)

It is defined when x² – 4x + 3 > 0

⇒ x²– 3x – x + 3 > 0

x (x – 3) –1(x – 3) > 0

(x – 3) (x – 1) > 0

x ∈ (–∞, 1) ∪ (3, ∞)

x ∈ R – [1, 3]

∴ domain = R – [1, 3]

(vi) f(x) =

Given f(x) = It is defined when x² – 1 ≥ 0 and x² – 3x + 2 > 0

(x + 1)(x – 1) ≥ 0 and x² – 2x – x + 2 > 0

(x + 1) (x – 1) ≥ 0 and x (x – 2) (x – 1) > 0

x∈ (–∞, –1) ∪ (1, ∞) and x ∈ (–∞, –1) ∪ (2, ∞)

∴ domain = R – (–1, 2]

(vii) f(x) =

Given f(x) =

It is defined when – x > 0

⇒ > x

⇒ x < 0

∴ domain = (–∞, 0)

(viii) f(x) =

Given f(x) =

It is defined when +x ≠0

⇒ ≠ – x

⇒ x > 0

∴ domain = (0, ∞)

QUESTION 2

If f : R→ R , g : R → R defined by f (x ) = 4x – 1, g(x) = x² + 2 then find (i) (gof) (x) (ii) (gof) () (iii) (fof) (x) (iv) go(fof) (0).

Sol: Given f(x) = 4x – 1, g(x) = x² + 2

(i) (gof) (x) = g (f (x))

= g (4x – 1)

= (4x – 1)² + 2

= 16x² – 8x + 1 + 2

= 16x² – 8x + 3

(ii) (gof) ()= (g (f ())

= g(4() – 1)

= g (a + 1 – 1)

= g(a)

= a² + 2

(iii) (fof) (x) = f (f (x))

= f (4x – 1)

= 4 (4x – 1) – 1

= 16x – 4 – 1

= 16x – 5

(iv) go(fof) (0) = g(fof) (0)

= g (f (f (0)))

= g (f (– 1))

= g (– 4 – 1)

= g (– 5)

= (– 5)² + 2

= 25 + 2 = 27

QUESTION 3

If f and g are real valued functions defined by f(x) = 2x – 1 and g(x) = x², then find (i) (3f – 2g) (x) (ii) (fg)(x) (iii) (x) (iv) (f + g+ 2) (x)

Sol: Given f(x) = 2x – 1 and g(x) = x²

(i) (3f – 2g) (x) = 3f(x) – 2 g(x)

= 3(2x – 1) – 2(x²)

= 6x – 3 – 2x²

(ii) (fg)(x) = f(x) g(x)

= (2x – 1) (x²)

= 2x³ – 3x²

(iii)

(iv) (f + g+ 2) (x) = f(x) + g(x) + 2

= 2x – 1 + x² + 2

= x² + 2x + 1

QUESTION 4

If f = {(4, 5), (5, 6), (6, – 4)} g = {(4, – 4), (6, 5), (8,5)}, then find (i) f + g (ii) f – g (iii) 2f +4g (iv) f + 4 (v) fg (vi) f/g (vii) (viii) (ix) f² (x) f³

Sol: Given f = {(4, 5), (5, 6), (6, – 4)}

g = {(4, – 4), (6, 5), (8,5)}

The domain of f ∩ The Domain of g = {4, 6}

(i) (f + g) (4) = f (4) + g (4)

= 5 – 4 = 1

(f + g) (6) = f (6) + g (6)

=– 4 + 5 = 1

∴ f + g = {(4, 1), (6, 1)}

(ii) (f – g) (4) = f (4) – g (4)

= 5 – (– 4) = 5 + 4 = 9

(f – g) (6) = f (6) – g (6)

= – 4– 5 = – 9

∴ f – g = {(4, 9), (6, – 9}

(iii) (2f +4g) (4) = 2 f (4) + 2 g (4)

= 2(5) + 4 (– 4)

= 10 – 16

=– 6

(2f +4g) (6) = 2 f (6) + 2 g (6)

= 2(– 4) + 4 (5)

= – 8 + 20

=12

∴ (2f +4g) = {(4, – 6), (6, 12)}

(iv) (f + 4) (4) = f (4) + 4 = 5 + 4 = 9

(f + 4) (5) = f (5) + 4 = 6 + 4 = 10

(f + 4) (6) = f (6) + 4 = – 4 + 4 = 0

∴ (f + 4) = {(4, 9), (5, 10), (6, 0)}

(v) fg (4) = f (4) g (4) = (5) (– 4) =– 20

fg (6) = f (6) g (6) = (– 4) (5) =– 20

∴ fg = {(4, – 20), (6, – 20)}

(vi) f/g (4) = f(4)/g(4) = 5/ – 4 = – 5/4

f/g (6) = f(6)/g(6) = – 4/ 5

∴ f/g = {(4, – 5/4), (6, – 4/ 5)}

(ix) f²(4) = (f (4))² = (5)² = 25

f²(5) = (f (5))² = (6)² = 36

f²(6) = (f (6))² = (– 4)² = 16

∴ f² = {(4, 25), (5, 36), (6, 16)}

(x) f³(4) = (f (4))³ = (5)³ = 125

f³(5) = (f (5))³ = (6)³ = 216

f³(6) = (f (6))³ = (– 4)³ = –64

∴ f³ = {(4, 125), (5, 216), (6, –64)}

QUESTION 5

If A = {0, π/6, π/4, π/3, π/2} and f: A→ B is a surjection defined by f(x) = cos x, then find B.

Sol: Given A = {0, π/6, π/4, π/3, π/2}

f(x) = cos x

f (0) = cos (0) = 1

f(π/6) = cos (π/6) =

f(π/4) = cos (π/4) =

f(π/3) = cos (π/3) = 1/2

f(π/2) = cos (π/2) = 0

∴ B = {1, , , ½, 0}

QUESTION 6

If A = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} and f: A→ B is a surjection defined by f(x) =x² + x + 1, then find B.

Sol: Given A = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} and f(x) = x² + x + 1

f (–2) = (–2)² + (–2) + 1= 4 – 2 + 1 = 3

f (–1) = (–1)² + (–1) + 1= 1 – 1 + 1 = 1

f (0) = (0)² + (0) + 1= 0 + 0 + 1 = 1

f (1) = (1)² + (1) + 1= 1 + 1 + 1 = 3

f (2) = (2)² + (2) + 1= 4 + 2 + 1 = 7

∴ B = {1, 3, 7}

QUESTION 7

If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f: A→ B is a surjection defined by f(x) = then find B.

Sol: Given A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f(x) =

QUESTION 8

If f(x) = 2, g(x) = x², h(x) = 2x ∀ x ∈ R, then find (fo(goh)) (x)

Sol: Given f(x) = 2, g(x) = x², h(x) = 2x

(fo(goh)) (x) = fo (g (h (x))

= f (g (h (x))

= f(g(2x)

= f((2x)²)

= f(4x²) = 2

QUESTION 9

If f: R→ R, g: R → R defined by f (x) = 3x – 2, g(x) = x² +1 then find (i) (gof^-1) (2) (ii) (gof) (x – 1)

Sol: Given f: R→ R, g: R → R defined by f (x) = 3x – 2, g(x) = x² +1

(i) Let y = f(x) ⟹ x = f^-1(y)

y = 3x – 2

y + 2 = 3x

x = (y + 2)/3

f^-1(y) = (y + 2)/3

∴ f^-1(x) = (x + 2)/3

Now

(gof^-1) (2) = g(f^-1(2))

= g ((2 + 2)/3)

= g (4/3)

= (4/3)² + 1 = 16/9 + 1 = 25/9

(ii) (gof) (x – 1) = g (f (x – 1))

= g [ 3(x – 1) – 2)]

= g (3x – 3 – 2)

=g (3x – 5)

= (3x – 5)² + 1

= 9x² – 30x + 25 + 1

= 9x² – 30x + 26

QUESTION 10

If f: N→ N defined by f (x) = 2x + 5, Is onto? Explain with reason.

Sol: Given f (x) = 2x + 5

Let y = f(x) ⟹ x = f^-1(y)

y = 2x + 5

2x = y – 5

x = (y – 5)/2 ∉ N

∴ f(x) is not onto

QUESTION 11

Find the inverse of the following functions

(i) If a, b ∈ R, f: R→ R defined by f(x) = ax + b

Given function is f(x) = ax + b

Let y = f(x) ⟹ x = f^-1(y)

y = ax + b

y – b = ax

x = (y – b)/a

f^-1(y) = (y – b)/a

∴ f^-1(x) = (x – b)/a

(ii) f: R→ (0, ∞) defined by f(x) = 5^x

Given function is f(x) = 5^x

Let y = f(x) ⟹ x = f^-1(y)

y = 5^x

x =

f^-1(y) =

∴ f^-1(x) =

(iii) f: (0, ∞) → R defined by f(x) =

Given function is f(x) =

Let y = f(x) ⟹ x = f^-1(y)

y =

x = 2^y

f^-1(y) = 2^y

∴ f^-1(x) = 2^x

(iv) f: R→ R defined by f(x) = e^{4x + 7}

Given function is f(x) = e^{4x + 7}

Let y = f(x) ⟹ x = f^-1(y)

y = e^{4x + 7}

4x + 7 =

4x = – 7

x = ( – 7)/4

f^-1(y) = ( – 7)/4

∴ f^-1(x) = ( – 7)/4

(v) f: R→ R defined by f(x) = (2x + 1)/3

Given function is f(x) = (2x + 1)/3

Let y = f(x) ⟹ x = f^-1(y)

y= (2x + 1)/3

3y = 2x + 1

2x = 3y – 1

x = (3y – 1)/2

f^-1(y) = (3y – 1)/2

∴ f^-1(x) = (3x – 1)/2

QUESTION 12

If f: R→ R defined by f(x) = , then show that f (tan θ) = cos 2θ

Sol: Given function is f(x) =

f (tan θ) =

∴ f (tan θ) = cos 2θ

QUESTION 13

If f: R – {±1} → R defined by f(x) = , then show that = 2f (x)

Sol: Given f(x) =

= 2

∴ = 2f (x)

QUESTION 14

If the function f: R→ R defined by f(x) = , then show that f (x + y) + f (x – y) = 2 f(x) f(y).

Sol: Given function is f(x) =

f (x + y) + f (x – y) =

∴ f (x + y) + f (x – y) = 2 f(x) f(y)

QUESTION 15

If f(x) = cos (log x), then show that = 0

Sol: Given function is f(x) = cos (log x)

= cos (log x) cos (log y) – cos (log x) cos (log y)

= 0

Hence proved

QUESTION 16

Find the range of the following real-valued functions

Sol:

(i) f(x) =

Given function is f(x) =

Let y =

⟹ e^y =

e^y > 0

∴ The range of f(x) is R

(ii) f(x) =

It is defined when x – 2 ≠ 0

⟹ x ≠ 2

Domain = R – {2}

let y =

y = x + 2

if x = 2 ⟹ y = 4

∴ Range of f(x) is R – {4}

QUESTION 17

Find the domain and range of the following real-valued functions

Sol:

(i) f(x) =

It is defined when 1 + x² ≠ 0

⟹ x² ≠ – 1

x ∈ R

∴ domain of f(x) is R

Let y =

y (1 + x²) = x

y + x²y = x

x² y – x + y = 0

x =

It is defined when 1 – 4y² ≥ 0 and 2y ≠ 0

⟹ 4y² – 1 ≤ 0 and y ≠ 0

(2y – 1) (2y + 1) ≤ 0 and y ≠ 0

(y – 1/2) (y + 1/2) ≤ 0 and y ≠ 0

– ½≤ y ≤ ½ and y ≠ 0

∴ Range of f(x) is [– ½, ½] – {0}

(ii) f(x) =

It is defined when 9 – x²≥ 0

⟹ x² – 9 ≤ 0

(x + 3) (x – 3) ≤ 0

– 3 ≤ y ≤ 3

∴ the domain of f (x) is [– 3, 3]

Let y =

y² = 9 – x²

x² = 9 – y²

x =

It is defined when 9 – y²≥ 0

⟹ y² – 9 ≤ 0

(y + 3) (y – 3) ≤ 0

– 3 ≤ y ≤ 3

y ∈ [– 3, 3]

∴ Range of f (x) is [0, 3] (∵ y ≥ 0)

(iii) f(x) =

clearly, x ∈ R

∴ domain of f(x) is R

Let y =

If x = 0, then y = 1

If x = – 1, then y = 1

If x = 1, then y = 3

If x = – 2, then y = 3

If x = 2, then y = 5

∴ Range of f (x) is [1, ∞)

(iv) f(x) = [x]

clearly Domain = R and Range = Z

QUESTION 18.

Define (i) One – One function (ii) Onto function (iii) Bijection (iv) Even and Odd functions

(i) One – One Function: one – one, if every element of A has a unique image in B.

(ii) Onto function: A function f: A→ B is said to be onto if ∀ y ∈ B there exists x ∈ A such that f(x) = y.

(iii) Bijection: A function f: A→ B is said to be a Bijection if it is both one-one and onto.

(iv) Even and Odd functions:

If f(–x) = f(x), then f(x) is even function

If f(– x)

= – f(x), then f(x) is odd function

February 2021

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Hyperbolic Functions

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Prove that (cosh x – sinh x) n = cosh nx – sinh nx

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Find the range of the function f(x) = 7 cos x – 24sin x + 5

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Product of Vectors (Qns.& Ans) V.S.A.Q.’S

Product Of Vectors

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Addition of Vectors

Addition of Vectors

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Matrices ( Qns & Solutions) || V.S.A.Q’S||

Matrices

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QUESTION 18

Prove that (cosh x – sinh x)ⁿ = cosh nx – sinh nx

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